Data Sources

V-Dem Institute

Varieties of Democracy — expert-coded indices of democracy, governance, civil liberties, and political rights for 202 countries from 1789 to present. Published by the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg.

UN Population

United Nations population projections and demographic indicators

International Monetary Fund

World Economic Outlook — GDP forecasts and macroeconomic projections. Published by the IMF.

DBnomics

Aggregated economic data from international statistical organizations. Retrieved via DBnomics.

U.S. Government Statistical Agencies

Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Treasury, and other agencies. Retrieved via FRED (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis).

Bank for International Settlements

Policy rates, credit data, financial stability indicators, and property prices directly from the BIS SDMX API.

OECD

Economic indicators from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved via DBnomics.

World Bank

Development indicators from the World Bank. Retrieved via DBnomics.

Official Chinese macroeconomic statistics published by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), People's Bank of China (PBoC), Customs (GACC), and State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE). Retrieved via akshare.

European Central Bank

Monetary and financial statistics from the ECB. Retrieved via DBnomics.